新型活性污泥的培养及其处理高盐有机废水

在好氧反应器中,将海泥通过海水和营养物质培养成新型的活性污泥,在处理含盐废水时有较好的活性和沉降性能,对这种新型的活性污泥我们称其为海洋活性污泥。通过10周的培养,海泥的污泥体积指数（SVI）从最初的19 mL/g升高到70 mL/g,对有机废水处理12 h后高锰酸盐指数（CODMn）降解率达到90%,氨氮降解率达到45%。在污泥培养时,营养物质投加频率为一日一次最有利于污泥的培养,又葡萄糖比淀粉更有利于污泥的培养。对于含盐有机废水的处理,海洋活性污泥也比传统活性污泥有优势,甚至对于含盐量6%的高盐有机废水,处理12 h后能达到CODMn降解率达为70%,氨氮降解率达到30%。当NaCl浓度高于6%,海洋活性污泥仍具有一定的活性,但仍能观察到明显的抑制作用。此外,海洋活性污泥具有比传统活性污泥更强的盐度变化抗性,甚至在低盐度下盐浓度变化时,海洋活性污泥的氨氮降解稳定性也优于传统活性污泥。     

乌鲁木齐市可吸入颗粒物水溶性离子特征及来源解析

采暖期时在乌鲁木齐市采集了环境空气中的可吸入颗粒物,对可吸入颗粒物质量浓度及8种水溶性离子的特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,细粒子和粗粒子的月平均质量浓度分别是53.5～233.3μg/m3和38.9～60.9μg/m3;细粒子和粗粒子中水溶性离子主要由SO24-、NH4+和NO3-组成;粗粒子中NH4+与NO3-和SO24-的相关性分别是0.70和0.66,细粒子中NH4+与NO3-和SO24-的相关性分别是0.89和0.93,铵盐是乌鲁木齐可吸入颗粒物主要存在形式;煤烟尘是乌鲁木齐市采暖期可吸入颗粒物的主要来源。     

嗜盐菌在油田含盐采出废水处理中的应用

嗜盐菌具有独特的细胞结构、生理功能和代谢产物,能够在高盐环境下正常生存和生长,适宜于偏碱性的环境,因而能有效应用于含盐污染物的治理。结合油田含盐采出废水的特点,介绍了嗜盐菌的特点、嗜盐机制等,及嗜盐菌在含盐采出废水和其它有机污染物处理中的作用,为油田含盐采出废水的处理提供理论基础和技术依据,并为更大范围地推广嗜盐菌在油田含盐采出废水处理中的应用提供技术参考。     

Estimating willingness to pay for a threatened species within a threatened ecosystem

This study conducts a choice experiment to determine the willingness to pay for Palouse Prairie conservation. The giant Palouse earthworm (Driloleirus americanus), a rare species endemic to the Palouse region, is included as an attribute of conservation and serves as a method for determining the willingness to pay for protecting the species. This method evaluates the value of the earthworm as an attribute of an overall willingness to pay for threatened ecosystem preservation rather than a direct willingness to pay for protecting the species. This method is expected to yield a more accurate measure of willingness to pay for rare species. The annual willingness to pay per household for the giant Palouse earthworm is $20.45 based on the conditional logit model and $19.30 based on the mixed logit model. Ranking and relative importance are included as methods for representing a non-monetary value and importance of the giant Palouse earthworm.     

废液处理新工艺超临界水氧化（SCWO）评述

超临界水氧化是一项对有机废液焚烧处理最有潜力的替代技术，在过去的20多年里，这项技术引起了广泛的关注。然而，作为一项管端技术，超临界水氧化仍存在许多不足，这些不足阻碍了它的工业应用。除了反应器腐蚀和盐析导致的技术问题外，超临界水氧化经常被认为是一项处理所有废液的“通用”技术，然而也是无法实现的“通用”技术。本文介绍了作为管端处理技术的超临界水氧化技术存在的问题，讨论了可能的解决办法，介绍了不同反应器的概念，提出了在超临界水氧化领域里开展进一步研究和发展新工艺流程的建议。此外，评价了超临界水氧化技术涉及到的自身能源供应问题。     

湿法净化黑烟中添加剂对炭黑沉降性能的影响

湿法净化黑烟中炭黑颗粒物的关键在于降低吸收液的表面张力并以高性能絮凝剂使其从溶液中絮凝、沉降以利于分离。选用十六烷基三甲基溴化胺(CTAB)为主要表面活性剂,使之与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和月桂醇聚氧乙烯(9)醚(AEO-9)进行复配实验,研究了复配液的表面张力,再向最低表面张力的复配表面活性剂溶液中投加絮凝剂聚合氯化铝(PAC)和聚丙烯酰胺(PAM),探讨絮凝剂的添加对黑烟颗粒沉降和絮凝的影响.实验结果表明:同时添加表面活性剂CTAB,SDBS和PAC,并使之浓度分别为0.5 mmol/L,0.4 mmol/L和200 mg/L时,炭黑颗粒的沉降效果最好,沉降率高达94%,且絮凝体较大,沉降时间仅为2 min。     

激发剂作用下的盐石膏废渣的水化过程

运用Kondo模型,研究了在激发剂硫酸钠作用下盐石膏废渣的水化过程.盐石膏废渣的水化过程分为3个阶段,第1、第3阶段受扩散作用控制;第2阶段受相边界反应控制.分别研究了激发剂溶液浓度和温度对相边界反应阶段水化速率的影响,结果表明,在0—0.60 mol.L-1范围内,增大激发剂溶液浓度可使水化速率常数k增大,在12℃≤...     

Appraisal of measurement methods, chemical composition and sources of fine atmospheric particles over six different areas of Northern Belgium

Daily and seasonal variation in the total elemental, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) content and mass of PM_2.5 were studied at industrial, urban, suburban and agricultural/rural areas. Continuous (optical Dustscan, standard tapered element oscillating micro-balance (TEOM), TEOM with filter dynamics measurement system), semi-continuous (Partisol filter-sampling) and non-continuous (Dekati-impactor sampling and gravimetry) methods of PM_2.5 mass monitoring were critically evaluated. The average elemental fraction accounted for 2-6% of the PM_2.5 mass measured by gravimetry. Metals, like K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and Pb were strongly inter-correlated, also frequently with non-metallic elements (P, S, Cl and/or Br) and EC/OC. A high OC/EC ratio (2-9) was generally observed. The total carbon content of PM_2.5 ranged between 3 and 77% (averages: 12-32%), peaking near industrial/heavy trafficked sites. Principal component analysis identified heavy oil burning, ferrous/non-ferrous industry and vehicular emissions as the main sources of metal pollution.     

西宁市典型开放源颗粒物粒径组成特征分析

采用BT-9300S激光粒度仪分析了西宁市道路尘、扬尘、土壤尘、建筑尘4种典型开放源的粒径组成。结果表明,4种类型尘中大粒径颗粒物占主导地位,粒径大于10 μm颗粒占到全部颗粒的73.80%以上,可吸入颗粒物的含量仅占7.06%～26.20%;建筑尘的细颗粒物含量最高,粒径小于2.5、1 μm的颗粒含量分别为8.36%±4.25%、2.42%±1.02%;道路尘的细颗粒物含量最低,粒径小于2.5、1 μm的颗粒含量分别为2.30%±0.94%、0.73%±0.28%;4种类型尘的体积平均直径、面积平均直径、中位直径分别在37.70～87.99 μm、8.50～23.53 μm、28.95～74.98 μm之间,其中道路尘的3种粒径参数最大,建筑尘最小;开放源颗粒物的粒度分布曲线主要呈头长尾短的不对称单峰分布,累积频率曲线为两段式,存在较为明显的拐点。     

Photodegradation of sulfonamide antibiotics in simulated and natural sunlight: Implications for their environmental fate

The photochemical fate of seven sulfonamides was investigated in matrices representative of natural water bodies under various light sources. Fundamental photolysis parameters such as molar absorption coefficient, quantum yield (QY) and first-order rate constants were determined. The photolysis decay rate was dependent on the protonation state of the molecule, pH of the water sample and dissolved organic matter. Natural organic matter was the most significant factor in the indirect photolysis of sulfonamides. Half-lives were in the range of minutes at 254 nm to days under natural sunlight. Under natural sunlight, all sulfonamides showed higher removal rates in natural waters implying that indirect photolysis is the predominant mechanism.